The proof of bacteria causing anthrax (etiology) was provided by a German country doctor Robert Koch in 1876. He was nowhere near a scientist and had no laboratory. He worked in his home with very primitive instruments and few small animals. He showed that mice cane be infected with by transferring materials (serum) from diseased animals and this he had done up-to a series of 20 mice by successive inoculation. Strikingly in every transfer the same symptoms were observed. He then performed an experiment to observe the bacterium or rather the causative agent as whether it was due to a bacterium was not clear till then.
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